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Many controversies mark
the archipelago's discovery. Its original name, Ilha da Quaresma (Lent
Island, it is known to have been sighted by expeditions from the years
1501, 1502 and 1503. The Viscount of Santarém, however, attributed the
discovery to Gaspar de Lemos, captain of the supply ship of Pedro
Álvares Cabral's fleet, sent back to Portugal with news of the discovery
of Brazil. Modern historians, however, attribute the discovery of the
archipelago to the 1501-1502 expedition led by Fernão de Loronha.
The first to actually describe the island was Amerigo espucci, who
traveled with a Portuguese expedition to Brazil in the year 1503. In
1534, the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago was invaded by the English,
and from 1556 until 1612, it was held by the French. In 1628, it was
invaded by the Dutch, who were displaced two years later by a
Spanish-Portuguese military expedition led by Rui Calaza Borges. The
Dutch occupied the island once again in 1635, making it a hospital for
its troops which occupied Northeastern Brazil. The island became known
as Pavonia, in honor of Michiel de Pavuw, one of the directors of the
Dutch West Indies Company. It would remain under Dutch control for
nearly twenty years, when it was re conquered by Portugal. |
Finding it uninhabited and completely abandoned in 1736, the French East
Indies Company took the island and renamed it Isle Dauphine. It was
retaken one year later. The first major military outposts were set-up on
the archipelago on the following years. Around 1770, the first permanent
settlement, Vila dos Remédios, was founded.
As Brazil became independent, very little changed for Fernando de
Noronha.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the English arrived to provide
technical cooperation in telegraphy (The South American Company). Later
the French came with the French Cable and the Italians with Intalcable.
In 1942, during World War II, the archipelago was made a Federal
Territory, and political and ordinary prisoners were sent to the local
prison. In 1988 approximately 70% of the archipelago was declared a
national park, with the goal of preserving the land and sea environment.
Nowadays, Fernando de Noronha's economy depends on tourism, restricted
by the limitations of its delicate ecosystem. In addition to the
historical interest noted above, the archipelago has been the subject of
the attention of various scientists dedicated to the study of its flora,
fauna, geology, etc.
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