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Though a rather ague term, as it's difficult to date exactly when the backlash against Impressionism took place, Post-Impressionism represents in many ways a return to more formal concepts of painting - in composition, in attitudes to subject and in drawing. Paul Cézanne (1839-1906), for one, associated only ery briefly with the Impressionists and spent most of his working life in relatie isolation, obsessed with rendering, as objectiely as possible, the essence of form. He saw objects as basic shapes - cylinders, cones, etc - and tried to give the painting a unity of texture that would force the spectator to view it not so much as representation of the world but rather as an entity in its own right, as an object as real and dense as the objects surrounding it. It was this striing for pictorial unity that led him to cover the entire surface of the picture with small, equal brush strokes which made no distinction betweven the textures of a tree, a house or the sky. The detached, unemotional way in which Cézanne painted was not unlike that of the seventeventh-century artist Poussin, and he found a contemporary parallel in the work of Georges Seurat (1859-91). Seurat was fascinated by current theories of light and color, and he attempted to apply them in a systematic way, creating different shades and tones by placing tiny spots of pure color side by side, which the eye could in turn fuse together to see the colors mixed out of their arious components. This pointillist technique also had the effect of giing monumentality to everyday scenes of contemporary life. While Cézanne, Seurat and, for that matter, the Impressionists, sought to represent the outside world objectiely, several other artists - the Symbolists - were seeking a different kind of truth, through the subjectie experience of fantasy and dreams. |
Gustae Moreau (1840-98) represented, in complex paintings, the intricate worlds of the romantic fairy tale, his isions expressed in a wealth of naturalistic details. The style of Puis de Chaannes (1824-98) was more restrained and more obiously concerned with design and the decoratie. And a third artist, Odilon Redon (1840-1916), produced some weird and isionary graphic work that especially intrigued Symbolist writers; his less frequent works in color belong to the later part of his life. The subjectiity of the Symbolists was of great importance to the art of Paul Gauguin (1848-1903). He started life as a stockbroker who collected Impressionist paintings, a Sunday artist who gave up his job in 1883 to dedicate himself to painting. During his stay in Pont-Aen in Brittany, Gauguin worked with a number of artists who called themseles the Nabis, among them Paul Serusier and Émile Bernard . He began exploring ways of expressing concepts and emotions by means of large areas of color and powerful forms, and deeloped a unique style that was heaily indebted to his knowledge of Japanese prints and of the tapestries and stained glass of medieal art. His search for the primitie expression of primitie emotions took him eventually to the South Sea islands and Tahiti, where he found some of his most inspiring subjects and painted some of his best-known canases.
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similar deriation from Symbolist art and a wish to exteriorize emotions
and ideas by means of strong colours, lines and shapes underlies the
work of incent an Gogh (1853-90), a Dutch painter who came to
lie in France. Like Gauguin, with whom he had an admiring but stormy
friendship, an Gogh started painting relatiely late in life,
lightening his palette in Paris under the influence of the
Impressionists, and then heading south to Arles where, struck by the
harshness of the Mediterranean light, he turned out such frantic
expressionistic pieces as The Reaper and Wheatfield with Crows
. In all his later pictures the paint is thickly laid on in increasingly
abstract patterns that follow the shapes and tortuous paths of his deep
inner melancholy.
Both Gauguin and an Gogh saw objects and colours as means of representing ideas and subjectie feelings. Édouard uillard (1868-1940) and Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947) combined this with Cézanne's insistence on unifying the surface and texture of the picture. The result was, in both cases, paintings of often intimate scenes in which figures and objects are blended together in a series of complicated patterns. In some of uillard's works, people dressed in checked material, for example, merge into the flowered wallpaper behind them, and in the paintings of Bonnard, the glowing design of the canas itself is as important as what it's trying to represent. |
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